Comparing Fourteen Weeks of Multicomponent Training Versus Combined Training in Physically Inactive Older Women: A Randomized Trial.

BACKGROUND: Combined (CT) and multicomponent training (MT) presents several benefits for aging individuals. However, the literature does not provide evidence on which of the two physical training models can better enhance improvements in physical capacity and health parameters in middle-aged and older women. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of MT and CT on physical capacity, cognitive, behavioral, and psychosocial assessment, and biochemical profile of physically inactive women aged between 50 and 70 years. METHODS: Participants were randomized into two groups: MT (32 women, 64.2 ± 6.4 years) and CT (39 women, 61.4 ± 4.3 years). Both training sessions had a weekly volume of 180 min, for 14 weeks, with assessments at baseline and after the training period. RESULTS: CT showed better results when compared to MT. In the four evaluation blocks, we noticed differences in the effect size (L = large, M = moderate, S = small, and T = trivial) between the groups in 26 variables in total, highlighting the CT group (L = 11, M = 5, S = 2, and T = 8) compared to the MT group (L = 8, M = 7, S = 7, and T = 4). Our findings showed group-time differences for strength variables using the maximum dynamic repetition test in upper and lower limbs and for agility. The multicomponent training showed improvement in the functional strength of the upper limbs evaluated through the elbow flexion and extension test (p = 0.037), and HDL (p = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS: Fourteen weeks of CT showed better benefits when compared to MT.

Changes in body composition of Wistar rats: effects of high-intensity interval training

The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in the body composition of Wistar rats. The HIIT protocol consisted of high-intensity swimming three times a week for four weeks. There were no differences between groups as to the Lee index. However, the weights of the perigonadal (p=0.001) and retroperitoneal (p=0.026) fats were significantly different between the Control Group (CG, n=10) vs. Trained Group (TG, n=10), respectively. There was also a significant increase in the body weight of the animals in TG (16.43%) and CG (7.19%) at the end of the experiment. These findings suggested that HIIT was not sufficient to improve significantly the body composition of rats.

Effects of moderate-intensity intermittent hypoxic training on health outcomes of patients recovered from COVID-19: the AEROBICOVID study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies point to a lower number and reduced severity of cases in higher altitude cities with decreased oxygen concentration. Specific literature has shown several benefits of physical training, so, in this sense, physical training with hypoxic stimulus appears as an alternative that supports the conventional treatments of the COVID-19 patient's recovery. Thus, this study's primary aim is to analyze the effects of moderate-intensity intermittent hypoxic training on health outcomes in COVID-19 recovered patients. METHODS: A clinical trial controlled double-blind study was designed. Participants (30-69 years old) will be recruited among those with moderate to severe COVID-19 symptoms, approximately 30 days after recovery. They will be included in groups according to the training (T) and recovery (R) association with hypoxia (H) or normoxia (N): (a) TH:RH, (b) TN:RH, (c) TN:RN, and last (d) the control group. The 8-week exercise bike intervention will be carried out with a gradual load increase according to the established periods, three times a week in sets of 5 min, 90 to 100% of the anaerobic threshold (AT), and a 2.5-min break. Blood will be collected for genotyping. First, after 4 weeks (partial), after 8 weeks, and later, 4 weeks after the end of the physical training intervention, participants will perform assessments. The primary outcome is the maximum oxygen consumption (VO2peak). The secondary outcomes include lung function, inflammatory mediators, hematological, autonomic parameters, AT, body composition analysis, quality of life, mental health, anthropometric measurements, and physical fitness. The statistical analysis will be executed using the linear regression model with mixed effects at a 5% significance level. DISCUSSION: This study is designed to provide evidence to support the clinical benefits of moderate-intensity intermittent hypoxic training as a part of the treatment of patients recovered from COVID-19. It may also provide evidence on the efficacy and safety of intermittent hypoxic training in different health conditions. Lastly, this study presents an innovative strategy enabling up to 16 participants in the same training session. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov RBR-5d7hkv. Registered after the start of inclusion on 3 November 2020 with the Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry.

NOS3 Polymorphisms Can Influence the Effect of Multicomponent Training on Blood Pressure, Nitrite Concentration and Physical Fitness in Prehypertensive and Hypertensive Older Adult Women.

Associations of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS3) polymorphisms with hypertension and response to exercise training in prehypertensive and hypertensive older adult women remain unclear. This study used a multicomponent program (various capacities and motor skills) in the physical training intervention. It analyzed the influence of NOS3 polymorphisms [-786T > C, 894G > T (Glu298Asp), and intron 4b/a] on the response of blood pressure (BP), nitrite concentration, and physical fitness in older adult women. Fifty-two participants aged between 50 and 80 underwent body mass index, BP, 6-min walk, elbow flexion, and sit and stand-up tests to assess physical fitness. The intervention duration was 12 weeks, twice a week, on non-consecutive days. Each session lasted 90 min, maintaining an intensity between 13 (moderate) and 15 (intense), controlled by the Subjective Effort Perception Scale. Plasma/blood samples were collected to assess nitrite concentration and genotyping. The statistical analysis included Fisher's exact test and linear mixed-effects models. The multicomponent training's positive effect was observed with a similar response in both prehypertensive and hypertensive groups. However, carriers of different genotypes demonstrated different responses to training: the decreases in systolic and diastolic BP and increases in nitrite expected from the physical training were smaller in variant genotype than ancestral genotype carriers, especially in the hypertensive group. At positions -786T > C and Glu298Asp, only the ancestral genotypes showed a decrease in diastolic BP (Δ% = -8.1, and Δ% = -6.5, respectively) and an increase on nitrite (Δ% = 19.1, and Δ% = 24.1, respectively) in the hypertensive group. Our results show that the benefits of a multicomponent training intervention seem to be genotype-dependent. It should be possible to consider genetic variants when selecting an exercise treatment intervention.

Actividad física en adultos: recomendaciones: determinantes y medición / Physical activity in adults: recommendations: determinants and measurement

RESUMEN Introducción: Diversos estudios a través del tiempo han demostrado los potenciales beneficios de la práctica de la Actividad Física (AF); sin embargo, también se han identificado algunos de sus moduladores conocidos como determinantes que modifican su práctica. Objetivo: Recopilar y resumir la información disponible sobre la importancia de la actividad física, su definición, determinantes y métodos de evaluación en adultos, así como establecer el desarrollo de las recomendaciones a lo largo del tiempo. Material y Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda en bases de datos entre el período comprendido entre 1996 y 2019, con términos de búsqueda en inglés y español de actividad física, recomendaciones, determinantes. Se incluyeron artículos relacionados con adultos y se excluyeron aquellos sobre niños y adolescentes. Desarrollo: Las recomendaciones han evolucionado desde 1978 del Colegio Americano de Medicina Deportiva (ACSM) con unas especificaciones muy generales como prácticas AF de 3 a 5 días por semana con una intensidad de 60 por ciento al 90 por ciento de la Frecuencia Cardíaca de Reserva (FCR) hasta las más recientes recomendaciones de 2018 realizadas por el Centro para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades (CDC). Dentro de los métodos de evaluación se encuentra criterio, objetivos y subjetivos. Conclusiones: La práctica regular de AF es una estrategia eficiente para disminuir los factores de riesgo asociados con Enfermedades No Transmisibles (ENT). Asimismo, se identifican métodos criterio, objetivos y subjetivos para su evaluación; las recomendaciones han evolucionado desde 1978 hasta 2018, y establecen que los adultos deberán practicar entre 150 a 300 minutos/semana de AF(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Several studies have shown the potential benefits of the practice of Physical Activity (PA) over the years; however, some modulators known as determinants that modify its practice have also been identified. Objective: To gather and summarize available information on the importance of physical activity, its definition, determinants and evaluation methods in adults, as well as to establish the development of recommendations over time. Material and Methods: A search was made in different databases using search terms of physical activity, recommendations, and determinants in both English and Spanish during the period between 1996 and 2019. Articles related to adults were included and those about children and adolescents were excluded. Development: The recommendations have evolved from 1978 when the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) established very general specifications such as PA practices from 3 to 5 days per week at an intensity between 60 percent and 90 percent Heart Rate Reserve (HRR) until the most recent recommendations made by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 2018. Objective and subjective criteria are among the evaluation methods. Conclusions: Regular PA practice is an efficient strategy to reduce the risk factors associated with Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs). Likewise, subjective and objective criteria are identified for its evaluation. The recommendations have evolved from 1978 to 2018 establishing that adults should be involved in PA from 150 to 300 minutes per week(AU)

Should Heartbeats/Training Session Be Considered When Comparing the Cardiovascular Benefits of High-Intensity Interval Aerobic and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training? A Critical Appraisal.

The prescription of physical training as a therapeutic measure in the treatment and control of chronic degenerative diseases, mainly cardiovascular disease and metabolic disease, is an increasingly used clinical approach, often preceding the pharmacological prescription. Despite the advances in exercise physiology and cardio functional performance in recent decades, the main challenge is to identify the most appropriate modality, intensity, and training volume for each pathophysiological situation. In this case, the superiority of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) over moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) has been questioned, since many studies have shown similar results in the different physiological parameters evaluated, especially regarding cardiorespiratory fitness, cardiovascular autonomic control, and cardiac morpho functionality. The cause of conflicting results observed by different studies may be related to standardization, application, and comparison of the two protocols. HIIT would have a higher number of heartbeats compared to MICT, when maintaining high heart rate is disregarded. In this since, our hypothesis for the greatest gains in cardiorespiratory fitness and in the autonomic and cardiovascular adaptations promoted by HIIT is based on the higher volume of training performed as a function of the higher number of heartbeats per unit of time, since the intermittence was calculated based on a percentage of maximum heart rate or reserve heart rate. Nevertheless, the intermittency between the established heart rate percentages is not necessarily accompanied by the intermittent heart rate. Therefore, considering and matching the number of heartbeats performed per training session in both models seems to be a more appropriate way to compare the two training protocols.

ß2 adrenergic interaction and cardiac autonomic function: effects of aerobic training in overweight/obese individuals.

PURPOSE: To verify the influence of different volumes and intensities of aerobic exercise on cardiac autonomic function (CAF) through heart rate variability (HRV) analysis as well the influence of ß2 adrenergic receptor (ADRB2) variants in overweight/obese individuals. METHODS: 70 physically inactive adults were randomly allocated into the following 16-week training: 1-high-intensity interval training (HIIT) (n = 25, 1 × 4 min bout at 85-95%HR peak, 3×/week), 4-HIIT (n = 26, 4 × 4 min bouts at 85-95%HR peak, interspersed with 3 min of recovery at 50-70%HR peak, 3×/week), and moderate continuous training (MCT) (n = 19, 30 min at 60-70%HR peak, 5×/week). Before and after the exercise training, anthropometric, BP, cardiorespiratory fitness, and HRV measures were evaluated. R-R intervals recorded for 10 min in a supine position at pre- and post-intervention were used to analyze HRV in the plot-Poincare indexes (SD1, SD2), and frequency-domain (LF, HF, LF/HF). Full blood samples were used for genotyping. RESULTS: 4-HIIT and MCT showed positive outcomes for almost all variables while 1-HIIT had a positive influence only on SBP and SD2 index. No associations were observed between isolated ADRB2 variants and changes in HRV. In the analysis of the interaction genotypes, all groups responded positively for the SD1 index of HRV and only the H1 (GG and CC) and H2 (GG and CG + GG) groups presented increases in the RMSSD index. Furthermore, there was an increase in the LF index only in the H3 (CC and AA + AG) and H4 (AA + AG and CG + GG) groups. CONCLUSIONS: ADRB2 variants and aerobic exercise training are important interacting variables to improve autonomic function and other health variables outcomes in overweight or obese individuals.

Multicomponent Training Changes Blood Pressure and Redox Status in Older Women: Influence of ß2 Adrenergic Receptor Haplotypes.

The ß2 adrenergic receptor (ß2-AR) plays an important role in vascular smooth muscle. However, the interaction between Arg16Gly and Gln27Glu ß2-AR polymorphisms, and exercise training has not yet been established. This study evaluated the influence of these ß2-AR polymorphisms on body composition, aerobic capacity, blood pressure, lipid profile, nitric oxide, and redox status at baseline and in response to an exercise program in women aged 50-79 years. Genotype and haplotypes were analyzed in association with the previously mentioned variables before and after the multicomponent training (12 weeks, 2 sessions/week, 90 min/session, and exercise intensity between 13 and 15 on the Borg scale). Individuals who carry ß2-AR Arg16Arg/Gln27Gln genotypes presented more improvements in blood pressure, body composition, aerobic capacity, and redox status in response to a multicomponent training program compared with individuals who do not carry this haplotype. In some years, the genetic profile may be used to predict which exercise program can induce more health benefits for each person.

Effect of Multicomponent Training on Blood Pressure, Nitric Oxide, Redox Status, and Physical Fitness in Older Adult Women: Influence of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS3) Haplotypes.

The purpose of this study was to verify the influence of the genotype or haplotype (interaction) of the NOS3 polymorphisms [-786T>C, 894G>T (Glu298Asp), and intron 4b/a] on the response to multicomponent training (various capacities and motor skills) on blood pressure (BP), nitrite concentration, redox status, and physical fitness in older adult women. The sample consisted of 52 participants, who underwent body mass index and BP assessments. Physical fitness was evaluated by six-minute walk, elbow flexion, and sit and stand up tests. Plasma/blood samples were used to evaluate redox status, nitrite concentration, and genotyping. Associations were observed between isolated polymorphisms and the response of decreased systolic and diastolic BP and increased nitrite concentration and antioxidant activity. In the haplotype analysis, the group composed of ancestral alleles (H1) was the only one to present improvement in all variables studied (decrease in systolic and diastolic BP, improvement in nitrite concentration, redox status, and physical fitness), while the group composed of variant alleles (H8) only demonstrated improvement in some variables of redox status and physical fitness. These findings suggest that NOS3 polymorphisms and physical training are important interacting variables to consider in evaluating redox status, nitric oxide availability and production, and BP control.

Caracterização da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca em indivíduos com síndrome metabólica / Characterization of the heart rate variability in individuals with metabolic syndrome / Caracterización de la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaco en pacientes con síndrome metabólico

RESUMO Introdução: A variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) tem sido considerada um mecanismo de modulação do sistema nervoso autônomo. A diminuição da VFC pode estar associada à síndrome metabólica (SM). Objetivo: Comparar a VFC e variáveis de saúde em indivíduos com e sem SM. Métodos: Cento e dezenove participantes foram divididos em dois grupos: sem SM (SSM, n = 68) e com SM (CSM, n = 51). Foi avaliada a análise espectral da VFC em repouso, durante teste cardiopulmonar de exercício (TCPE) e na recuperação em bandas de baixa frequência (LF = 0,04-0,15 Hz), alta frequência (HF = 0,15-0,4 Hz) e razão LF/HF. Adicionalmente, a frequência cardíaca (FC) de repouso (FCrep), FC máxima (FCmáx), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e diastólica (PAD), glicemia, perfil lipídico, consumo de oxigênio pico (VO2pico) e composição corporal foram avaliados. Resultados: A FCrep e o VO2pico não apresentaram diferenças entre o CSM e o SSM (73,3 ± 9,1 vs. 70,1 ± 11,0 bpm) (26,8 ± 4,6 vs. 28,1 ± 6,6 ml.kg-1.min-1), respectivamente. A VFC foi similar entre os grupos nos diferentes momentos analisados. A glicemia (99,8 ± 22,5 vs. 87,6 ± 8,6 mg/dl) foi superior no CSM comparado ao SSM. Os valores de triglicérides (159,5 ± 68,8 vs. 89,2 ± 34,3 mg/dl) e VLDL-c (31,9 ± 13,8 vs. 17,8 ± 6,9 mg/dl) foram superiores no CSM comparado ao SSM. O HDL-c (40,7 ± 11,5 vs. 49,3 ± 9,8 mg/dl) foi menor no CSM comparado ao SSM. O IMC (33,1 ± 4,7 vs. 30,8 ± 3,8 Kg/m²) foi superior no CSM comparado ao SSM. A PAS (128,6 ± 12,9 vs. 119,5 ± 11,3 mmHg) e a PAD (77,2 ± 10,5 vs. 72,9 ± 8,1 mmHg) foram superiores no CSM comparado ao SSM, p < 0,05. Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem que a presença de SM não é suficiente para provocar alterações nos índices de VFC em repouso, durante teste cardiopulmonar de exercício (TCPE) e na recuperação quando os pacientes são comparados a indivíduos sem a doença.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Heart rate variability (HRV) has been considered a modulation mechanism of the autonomic nervous system. The reduction of HRV may be associated with metabolic syndrome (MS). Objective: To compare the HRV and health variables in individuals with and without MS. Methods: One hundred and nineteen participants were divided into two groups: without MS (WOMS, n=68) and with MS (WMS, n=51). We evaluated the spectral analysis of HRV at rest, during cardiopulmo-nary exercise testing (CPET) and recovery in low frequency bands (LF = 0.04-0.15 Hz), high frequency (HF = 0.15-0.4 Hz) and LF/HF ratio. Resting heart rate (HRres), maximum heart rate (HRmax), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic (DBP), blood glucose, lipid profile, peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) and body composition were also evaluated. Results: There were no differences between HRres and VO2peak between the WMS and WOMS groups (73.3±9.1 vs. 70.1±11.0 bpm), (26.8±4.6 vs. 28.1±6.6 ml.kg-1.min-1), respectively. HRV was similar between the groups at the different moments analyzed. The blood glucose levels (99.8±22.5 vs. 87.6±8.6 mg/dl) were higher in WMS compared to WOMS. Triglyceride values (159.5±68.8 vs. 89.2±34.3 mg/dl) and VLDL-c (31.9±13.8 vs. 17.8±6.9 mg/dl) were higher in WMS compared to WOMS. HDL-c (40.7±11.5 vs. 49.3±9.8 mg/dl) was lower in WMS compared to WOMS. BMI (33.1±4.7 vs. 30.8±3.8 kg/m²) was higher in WMS compared to WOMS. The SBP (128.6±12.9 vs. 119.5±11.3 mmHg) and DBP (77.2±10.5 vs. 72.9± 8.1mmHg) were higher in WMS com-pared to WOMS, p<0.05. Conclusion: The results suggest that the presence of MS is not sufficient to induce changes in HRV at rest, during cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET), and in recovery when patients are compared to healthy individuals.

RESUMEN Introducción: La variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca (VFC) ha sido considerada como un mecanismo de modulación del sistema nervioso autónomo. La disminución de VFC puede estar asociada con el síndrome metabólico (SM). Objetivo: Comparar la VFC y variables de salud en individuos con y sin SM. Métodos: Ciento diecinueve sujetos se dividieron en dos grupos: sin SM (SSM, n = 68) y con SM (CSM, n = 51). Se evaluó el análisis espectral de la VFC en reposo durante las pruebas de ejercicio cardiopulmonar (PECP) y la recuperación en banda de baja frecuencia (LF = 0,04-0,15 Hz), alta frecuencia (HF = 0,15-0,4 Hz) y la relación LF/HF. Además, se evaluaron la frecuencia cardiaca en reposo (FCrep), FC máxima (FCmáx), presión arterial sistólica (PAS) y diastólica (PAD), glicemia, perfil lipídico, consumo pico de oxígeno (VO2pico) y composición corporal. Resultados: FCrep y VO2pico no mostraron diferencias entre CSM y SSM (73,3 ± 9,1 vs. 70,1 ± 11,0 bpm) (26,8 ± 4,6 vs. 28,1 ± 6,6 ml.kg-1.min-1), respectivamente. La VFC fue similar entre los grupos en diferentes momentos analizados. La glicemia (99,8 ± 22,5 vs. 87,6 ± 8,6 mg/dl) fue mayor en CSM en comparación con SSM. Los valores de triglicéridos (159,5 ± 68,8 vs. 89,2 ± 34,3 mg/dl) y VLDL-C (31,9 ± 13,8 vs. 17,8 ± 6,9 mg/dl) fueron más altos en CSM en comparación con SSM. HDL-C (40,7 ± 11,5 vs. 49,3 ± 9,8 mg/dl) fue menor en CSM en comparación con el SSM. El IMC (33,1 ± 4,7 vs. 30,8 ± 3,8 kg/m²) fue mayor en CSM en comparación con SSM. La PAS (128,6 ± 12,9 vs. 119,5 ± 11,3 mmHg) y la PAD (77,2 ± 10,5 vs. 72,9 ± 8,1 mmHg) fueron más altas en CSM en comparación con SSM, p < 0,05. Conclusión: Los resultados sugieren que la presencia de SM no es suficiente para provocar cambios en los índices de VFC en reposo durante las pruebas de ejercicio cardiopulmonar (PECP) y en la recuperación cuando se comparan los pacientes y los individuos saludables.

Relação entre SNP rs4730153 e Nível de Glicemia, Triglicérides, HDL e Índice de Massa Corporal de Brasileiros Acima do Peso / Association between rs4730153 Gene SNP and Fasting Glucose, Triglyceride, HDL and Body Mass Index Levels Iin Overweight Brazilian Adults

A síndrome metabólica é uma comorbidade relacionada à obesidade com crescentes níveis mundiais. Além dos fatores ambientais, especula-se que as variáveis incluídas na síndrome metabólica (cintura, glicemia de jejum, HDL, triglicérides e valores pressóricos) possam ser moduladas por variantes genéticas. Recentemente foi reportado que alguns polimorfismos do gene do fator de crescimento de células pré-beta podem ter um papel modulador no metabolismo de glicose e lipídeos, além de influências no índice de massa corporal. Objetivo: Investigar a influência do polimorfismo rs4730153 do gene do fator de crescimento de células pré-beta nos níveis de glicemia, triglicérides, HDL e índice de massa corporal de indivíduos sedentários acima do peso. Métodos: Incluíram-se homens e mulheres brasileiros com índice de massa corporal > 24,9 kg/m², acima de 18 anos de idade, que não faziam uso de medicamentos para glicemia ou hipercolesterolemia. O polimorfismo rs4730153 foi amplificado por reação em cadeia de polimerase em tempo real utilizando kit de genotipagem. Os genótipos AA, AG e GG foram avaliados separadamente. Resultados: Foram incluídos 112 indivíduos com idade média de 40,52 ± 10,30 anos, sendo 77% mulheres. A frequência genotípica foi de 29,5, 41,0 e 29,5% (AA, AG e GG, respectivamente). Não foi observada nenhuma relação entre os valores de glicemia, triglicérides, HDL e índice de massa corporal nos diferentes alelos do SNP estudado. Conclusões: Apesar de relatos em estudos em outras etnias, no presente estudo não foi encontrada relação entre o polimorfismo rs4730153 do gene do fator de crescimento de células pré-beta nos níveis séricos de glicemia, triglicérides, HDL e índice de massa corporal em uma amostra da população brasileira com sobrepeso/obesidade.

Metabolic syndrome is an obesity-related comorbidity with increasing worldwide occurrence. In addition to environmental factors, it is speculated that the variables included in the metabolic syndrome (waist, fasting glycemia, HDL, triglycerides and blood pressure values) can be modulated by genetic variants. It has recently been reported that some polymorphisms of the pre-beta cell growth factor gene may play a modulatory role in glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as influence body mass index. Objective: To investigate the influence of the rs4730153 polymorphism of the pre-beta cell growth factor gene on the levels of glycemia, triglycerides, HDL and body mass index of overweight and sedentary individuals. Methods: Brazilian men and women with a body mass index >24.9 kg/m², over 18 years of age, who did not use medication for glycemia or hypercholesterolemia were included. The rs4730153 polymorphism was amplified by real-time polymerase chain reaction using a genotyping kit. Genotypes AA, AG and GG were evaluated separately. Results: A total of 112 individuals with a mean age of 40.52 ± 10.30 years were included, of which 77% were women. Genotype frequency was 29.5, 41.0 and 29.5% (AA, GA and GG, respectively). No association was observed between glycemia, triglycerides, HDL and body mass index in the different alleles of the studied SNP. Conclusions: Despite reports of studies in other ethnicities, in the present study no association was found between the rs4730153 polymorphism of the pre-beta cell growth factor gene and serum levels of glycemia, triglycerides, HDL and body mass index in a sample of the Brazilian population with overweight/obesity.

Transição metabólica no teste progressivo de pessoas treinadas com musculação e corrida / Metabolic transition in trained people in progressive test with resistance training and running / Transición metabólica en personas entrenadas para prueba progresiva con musculación y carrera

INTRODUÇÃO: A especificidade das adaptações cardiorrespiratórias e metabólicas do treinamento aeróbio e de força evocam respostas distintas durante o teste cardiopulmonar de exercício (TCPE). Objetivo: Descrever o comportamento cardiorrespiratório durante a transição metabólica (TM) do TCPE, de praticantes de corrida e musculação, comparados a um grupo controle.MÉTODOS: Homens de 21 a 55 anos foram agrupados em: grupo de corredores (GC, n = 30), grupo de musculação (GM, n = 23) e grupo controle (GCON, n = 38). Foram submetidos à avaliação antropométrica e TCPE com análise do limiar anaeróbio ventilatório (LAV) e do ponto de compensação respiratória (PCR). Calculou-se a economia de corrida pela relação entre VO2 e velocidade do teste (ECINCLINA).RESULTADOS: Na fase de transição metabólica, a carga (km/h) foi superior no GC (4,2 ± 1,6) vs. GCON (2,7 ± 1,6) e GM (2,8 ± 1,0); P < 0,05. O GC apresentou maior VO2LAV; VO2PCR e VO2MÁX.(36 ± 8; 46 ± 8; 51 ± 8 vs. 24 ± 6; 35 ± 5; 40 ± 6 e 26 ± 6; 35 ± 6; 40 ± 7 ml.kg-1.min-1; P < 0,05), comparado com GCON e GM, respectivamente, mesmo após a correção alométrica. A FCREP foi menor entre GC e GCON (CE = 52 ± 6; CON = 60 ± 8 bpm;P < 0,05). Na fase de TM, o GC apresentou maior aumento da carga de trabalho e menor alteração do pulso de oxigênio comparado ao GCON e ao GM. O VO2 durante a TM não difere entre os grupos. O GC apresentou menor ECINCLINA nos instantes finais do teste, comparado a GCON e GM.CONCLUSÃO: O GC apresentou maior eficiência metabólica nas transições progressivas de intensidade de esforço em relação a GCON e GM e o GM não exibe capacidade de transição aprimorada no TCPE, até mesmo quando comparados a indivíduos sedentários.

INTRODUCTION: The specificity of cardiorespiratory and metabolic adaptations of aerobic and strength training evoke different responses during cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). Objective: To describe the cardiorespiratory behavior during metabolic transition (MT) of CPET, runners and bodybuilders compared to a control group. METHODS: Men aged 21-55 years were grouped as follows: runners group (RG, n=30), strength group (SG, n=23) and control group (CG, n=38). The subjects underwent anthropometric and CPET assessment with analysis of ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VAT) and the respiratory compensation point (RCP). We calculated the running economy by the relationship between VO2 and test speed (ECINCLINA). RESULTS: In metabolic transition phase, the running speed (km/h) was higher in the RG group (4.2±1.6) vs. CG (2.7±1.6) and SG (2.8±1.0); P<0.05. The RG had higher VO2LAV, VO2PCR, and VO2MAX (36±8; 46±8, 51±8 vs. 24±6, 35±5, 40 ± 6, and 26±6, 35±6, 40± 7ml.kg-1.min-1; P<0.05) compared to group CG and SG, respectively, even after allometric correction. The resting heart rate was lower among RG and CG (R=52±6; C=60±8 bpm, P<0.05). In the MT phase the RG had a greater increase in workload and less change in oxygen pulse compared to CG and SG. The VO2 during MT did not differ between groups. The RG showed lower ECINCLINA in the closing stages of the test compared to CG and SG. CONCLUSION: The RG showed higher metabolic efficiency in progressive transitions of effort intensity in relation to CG and SG and the SG does not display enhanced transition capacity in CPET, even when compared to sedentary individuals.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La especificidad de las adaptaciones cardiorrespiratorias y metabólicas del entrenamiento aeróbico y de fuerza evoca diferentes respuestas durante la prueba de esfuerzo cardiopulmonar (PECP). Objetivo: Describir el comportamiento cardiorrespiratorio durante la transición metabólica (TM) de la PECP, de corredores y culturistas, en comparación con un grupo control.MÉTODOS: Hombres entre 21 y 55 años fueron agrupados de la siguiente manera: grupo corredores (GC; n = 30), grupo culturistas (GCU; n = 23) y grupo control (GCON; n = 38). Los participantes se sometieron a evaluación antropométrica y PECP, con el análisis de umbral anaeróbico ventilatorio (UAV) y el punto de compensación respiratoria (PCR). Se calculó la economía de carrera mediante la relación entre VO2 y velocidad de la prueba (ECINCLINA).RESULTADOS: En la transición metabólica, la carga (km/h) fue mayor en el GC (4,2 ± 1,6) vs. GCON (2,7 ± 1,6) y GCU (2,8 ± 1,0); P < 0,05. El GC presentó mayor VO2UAV; VO2RCPy VO2MÁX.(36 ± 8; 46 ± 8; 51 ± 8 vs. 24 ± 6; 35 ± 5; 40 ± 6 y 26 ± 6; 35 ± 6; 40 ± 7 ml.kg-1.min-1; P < 0,05), en comparación con GCON y GCU, respectivamente, incluso después de la corrección alométrica. La FCREPfue menor entre GD y GCON (GC = 52 ± 6; GCON = 60 ± 8 bpm; P < 0,05). La fase de TM en el GC presentó mayor aumento de carga de trabajo y menos cambios en el pulso de oxígeno en comparación con GCON y GCU. El VO2 durante la TM no difirió entre los grupos. El GC mostró menor ECINCLINA en los momentos finales de la prueba en comparación con GCON y GCU.CONCLUSIÓN: El GC mostró una mayor eficiencia metabólica en las transiciones progresivas de esfuerzo en comparación con GCON y GCU, y GCU no muestra una mayor capacidad de transición en el PECP, incluso en comparación con los individuos sedentarios.